Many, but not all, countries and jurisdictions around the world have laws, regulations, policies, and other systems of oversight relating to the use of animals in science. There are variations in scope, scale, approach; in legal basis; in social and cultural perspectives; and in implementation. There is increasing convergence of the features of this oversight. In particular, there is increased emphasis on a wider scope of oversight to include all facets of animal use, in particular on ethical aspects and on standards and approaches to animal care and welfare. As the use of nonhuman primates in research requires special consideration of their welfare, many countries have adopted special requirements to achieve that objective. In addition, numerous professional organizations have published guidance documents designed to optimize the welfare of nonhuman primates in captive environments. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the range of legislative approaches and to highlight associations that are impactful in this area.